Key Highlights:
- In 2023, disruptions in shipping routes, particularly due to Houthi rebels in the Red Sea, led to spot container rate spikes. Shortages in HGV drivers eased domestically, but challenges remained in securing supply, especially for polymer converters.
- Looking towards 2024, the UK's economic outlook remains influenced by factors such as the upcoming general election and ongoing geopolitical conflicts.
- Supply chain disruptions and geopolitical tensions continue to pose challenges, while shifts in energy markets and regulatory landscapes impact industries such as plastics and polymers.
2023 Review
Executive Summary
The economy in 2023 was dominated by the effects of the global economic slowdown. Relatively high levels of price inflation present in the first half of the year started to moderate towards the end of the year. In addition to the continuing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the terrorist attack by Hamas on Israel and the subsequent conflict in Gaza raised geopolitical tensions in the Middle East, and at the very end of the year Houthi terrorist action against commercial shipping in the Red Sea, raised concerns about supply chain security and shipping costs. Energy prices moderated from the hiatus in 2023.
In the polymer markets, the price trend continued lower. All sectors witnessed supply exceeding demand, a situation which for many materials was exacerbated by producer capacity increases. A small price upswing, for volume polymers, in the Autumn was not sustained as producers fought hard to win available volumes. Prices have now fallen to the extent that polymer producers termed the situation as ‘bottom of cycle economics’ resulting in idling and closure of plants where the financial performance is no longer viable. This effect was more pronounced in Western Europe, due to the higher cost of operating polymer plants in this region, which will inevitably result in a greater dependence on imports.
In the energy sector, the risk of global recession continued to outweigh geopolitical concerns that could affect the supply of oil and gas. Even the disruptions caused to shipping routes by the actions of the Houthi rebels at the very end of the year had negligible impact on pricing, as markets took the view that domestic inventories were sufficient to cover any delays in shipments.
Despite the challenges of 2023, the UK plastics sector has once again demonstrated resilience in the face of significant challenges.
UK Economy, Brexit, and Post-Covid 19 Pandemic
Contrary to the expectations of many economists, the UK avoided recession in 2023 and modest growth was reported. Inflation was a dominant issue with RPI and CPI peaking above 10% before moderating towards the end of the year. For plastic converters, the falling cost of raw material inputs mitigated the impact of inflation. Interest costs appear to have peaked at a 5.25% Bank of England rate and there is some evidence of lenders in the domestic mortgage sector becoming more competitive in order to secure business.
Understanding the fundamentals of demand in the post-Covid-19 era remains a challenge; it is clear that there was a significant move in consumer spending during the lockdown periods towards consumer durables. Since Covid-19 restrictions have lifted consumers have relied upon their previous investments in goods and are clearly continuing to prioritise spending on leisure activities such as holidays and dining out. Given long lead times on goods sourced from Asia, the drop in demand resulted in a glut of product, and when this is combined with the move back to ‘just in time’ from ‘just in case’ purchasing strategies it was almost impossible to understand true underlying demand. As a result of low demand, destocking and the move to ‘just in case’ purchasing the UK Manufacturing PMI fell month on month throughout 2023.
S&P/CIPS
The S&P Global / CIPS UK Manufacturing PMI published on 2.1.24 included the following commentary:
Business optimism dips to 12-month low.
The UK manufacturing sector ended 2023 on a weak footing. The downturn in production volumes accelerated as intakes of new work from both domestic and export clients declined. The further slide in output volumes reflected overstocking at clients and tighter inventory policies at manufacturers. The support provided by efforts to clear backlogs of work was also less effective than in recent months.
The seasonally adjusted S&P Global UK Manufacturing Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) fell back to 46.2 in December, after rising to a seven-month high of 47.2 in November, staying beneath the neutral 50.0 mark for the seventeenth consecutive month.
All five of the PMI sub-indices (new orders, output, employment, stocks of purchases and suppliers' delivery times) remained at levels signalling a deterioration in operating conditions.
Manufacturing production declined for the tenth successive month in December, as downturns in the consumer and intermediate goods sub-industries more than offset expansion in the investment goods category. Output was scaled back in response to weaker intakes of new business, reduced demand from overseas and efforts to trim stocks at both manufacturers and their clients alike.
The total volume of new business placed with UK manufacturers fell for the ninth month running in December. Companies reported a weak economic backdrop, clients delaying orders and poor weather conditions had all contributed to the latest decrease in new work received. That said, the rate of contraction eased for the fourth month in a row to its slowest since May.
Logistics
Drewry Supply Chain Advisors
Since the extreme inflation in East-West container shipping rates peaked in mid-2022, prices fell back to more normal levels in 2023, as illustrated in the table below. High shipping costs in the context of typical polymer prices can become prohibitive for polymer raw material imports and can become a barrier from the perspective of importing more competitively priced polymers from other regions of the world. Spot container shipping rates from Asia and the Middle East increased rapidly at the end of the year due to the hijacking attempts, by Houthi rebels, on ships passing through the Red Sea, and the subsequent increase in shipping times and consequent reduction in container shipping capacity.
Within the UK, the shortage of HGV drivers has eased significantly, with a combination of more drivers and the economic slowdown both contributing to better availability of resources.
Exchange Rates
Mike Boswell
Following the short-lived Liz Truss premiership and the ensuing Kwasi Kwarteng autumn statement/mini budget back in 2022, the value of the GBP has recovered significantly, achieving a reasonable level of stability against the Euro, and achieving gains against a slightly weaker USD.
The result of the June 2016 Brexit referendum has permanently impacted the value of the GBP, with the value against the Euro dropping from 1.30s to 1.10s. The USD turbulence is more related to political and economic developments within, and outside of, the US.
Mike Boswell
Brent Crude traded in a relatively tight range of 75 - 90 USD per barrel. Prices fell until mid-2023 before a short rally over the summer months, and then fell sharply back to levels that were below those at the start of the year. The reaction of crude oil prices to the issues in the Red Sea area at the end of the year was quite muted, with a view that domestic inventories and increased supply from Saudi Arabia would be sufficient to smooth any disruption.
Crude Oil
Mike Boswell
Brent Crude traded in a relatively tight range of 75 - 90 USD per barrel. Prices fell until mid-2023 before a short rally over the summer months, and then fell sharply back to levels that were below those at the start of the year. The reaction of crude oil prices to the issues in the Red Sea area at the end of the year were quite muted, with a view that domestic inventories and increased supply from Saudi Arabia would be sufficient to smooth any disruption.
Feedstock
Mike Boswell
The volatility of aromatic feedstock continued in 2023, with both Benzene and Styrene monomers recording significant swings, which were often independent of Brent Crude and Naphtha.
Mike Boswell
The olefin situation was dominated by over-supply, with spot prices trading at a significant discount to the contract values. In the case of C2 high import penetration of competitively priced PE, suppressed demand, and although C3 is typically a coproduct of Naphtha cracking from C2 production, the reduction was insufficient to avoid a glut of C3 and hence the large discounts for spot purchases.
Such was the state of demand for polymer raw materials, that producers were typically forced to pass through monomer discounts in full, with polymer converters typically resisting full monomer increases and often able to achieve discounts greater than monomer as competition for available volumes was intense.
Mike Boswell
The graph below clearly confirms the oversupply of both C2 and C3 with spot volumes selling at significant discounts versus Naphtha. Even contract monomer margins were dragged down by spot pricing; this is especially evident for C3 in the late summer period.
Mike Boswell
PVC – Suspension & Emulsion
Mike Boswell
Mike Boswell
E-PVC pastes
Mike Boswell
S-PVC base
Competition in the S-PVC sector was intense, with volumes from the US offering the best value. The US is advantaged both in terms of C2, which is derived from the ethane contained in shale gas, and with low electricity costs which is important in terms of the energy-intensive process needed to produce chlorine. The economics of PVC production in Europe became so bad that producers are seeking support from the EU authorities and are considering pushing the case for anti-dumping duties.
PET
Mike Boswell
The dynamics of the PET market are complex with the following factors all having the potential to significantly impact pricing:
1. rPET pricing, the demand for which is rapidly increasing as a combination of pressure from consumers, retailers and brands escalates. These pressures are enhanced by the UK plastics packaging tax, and similar legislation that is being implemented in other countries.
Mike Boswell
2. Use of PET in the textiles market, where PET is commonly substituted for natural cotton whenever this crop is scarce, and prices inflated.
3. Seasonal demand for carbonated drinks, a market which is heavily influenced by weather conditions, with high temperatures typically increasing demand.
The supply of prime virgin PET was extremely competitive, with low price imports from Asia dominating the price action. Ineos announced the closure of significant capacity for PTA, a precursor to PET production.
As with S-PVC, European producers of PET have raised concerns about dumping in the European market, in this case citing India and China as sources of unfair trade.
Polyolefins
Mike Boswell
Mike Boswell
Mike Boswell
Mike Boswell
With the exception of a couple small upward blips in April and November, the price trend was fundamentally downward for the polyolefins basket. Polymer converters were able to exploit the strong competition amongst suppliers to their advantage.
Mike Boswell
Polypropylene and polyethylene pricing coincided by the end of Q1 2023, and this is due to a number of factors including:
1. A relative reduction in the C3 price compared to the C2 price.
2. PP producers taking advantage of the low C3 spot pricing.
3. Lower production and/or demand for consumer durables such as cars and white goods for which PP is a much more significant market segment than it is for PE.
The supply of PE from the USA that resumed in 2022 became a dominant factor in 2023, with a strong flow of materials for film extrusion and blow moulding arriving at competitive prices. UK converters have become accustomed to the longer lead times and consequent need to often make forward price commitments in order to secure supply.
Styrenics
Mike Boswell
Mike Boswell
Mike Boswell
A relatively stable year in terms of styrenic polymer pricing. The late summer increase in crude oil pricing passed through to selling prices, with prices then falling away towards the end of the year.
Engineering Polymers
Mike Boswell
Mike Boswell
Mike Boswell
The engineering polymers market very much reflected the broader global economic situation with prices sliding throughout the period. The high level of competition for available volumes eroded producer margins.
2024 Outlook
UK Economic Outlook
The UK General Election, which is likely to be held in the second half of the year will be a significant factor affecting the UK economy, prior to which a budget in March may offer some economic stimulus through lower rates of taxation at either a personal or corporate level. Forecasts from the UK manufacturing sector are robust, with growth anticipated. Some recovery in the consumption of consumer durables is likely as consumer behaviour returns to a more normal pattern.
The UK Government continues to review the UK REACH legislation and has already extended the registration deadlines. Consultation that took place in 2023 may result in further changes and it is anticipated that registration fees are set to be lowered.
Global Geopolitical Issues
The Israel conflict with Gaza added to the pre-existing Russian invasion of Ukraine. As 2024 gets underway, there is the further issue of Houthi rebels from the Yemen causing disruption to global shipping routes. These conflicts raise concerns of a wider conflict between East and West.
Logistics
The increase in shipping time resulting from not using the Red Sea and Suez Canal route is effectively reducing shipping and container capacity and this has caused a significant spike in spot container shipping rates. Whilst the effect on pricing is not likely to be as severe as it was in 2022, some polymer converters are facing shortfalls in supply at the start of 2024. If the situation in the Red Sea is resolved, then there will be a consequent reduction in shipping times, and with that the risk of a supply glut.
On the domestic front the issue with a shortage of HGV drivers appears to have eased, and even in the final quarter of 2023 when seasonal demand is high, there were no significant issues.
Logistics cost inflation appears to be easing due to a reduction in demand for physical storage as the inventory glut that resulted from the end of the Covid-19 era continues to diminish. The high cost of finance is also causing inventory levels to be reduced on the grounds of affordability.
Exchange Rates
US and UK elections are likely to have a significant influence on exchange rates. The outcome of the UK general election is more predictable, and any uncertainty will relate to the changes in economic policy that a new government may choose to make, or how manifesto pledges are delivered.
Crude Oil
The likely scenario is that Brent Crude will continue to trade in the 70 – 90 USD per barrel range, with energy companies trying hard to manage supply in an economic environment that will tend towards falling prices. It is notable that many traditional energy companies that have been heavily reliant on Crude Oil sales, have increasingly diversified their sources of revenue, with many now turning more to renewables for sustainability both of the planet and for their business models.
Feedstock
VCM (Vinyl Chloride Monomer)
Energy costs and price/demand for Caustic Soda will have a significant bearing on VCM economics, along with the price of C2. Increased US PVC capacity is likely to result in increased imports of S-PVC resin which will tend to cap monomer pricing.
PX (Paraxylene)
rPET pricing is expected to have a significant influence on PX costs, and the different economic structure of r-PET has the ability to cap prime virgin PET pricing and therefore also impact PX pricing. External factors such as demand for fibre applications, along with weather conditions will be of influence in terms of the supply demand balance.
C2 (Ethylene)
Ethylene pricing is likely to be heavily influenced by the level of PE imports from the USA, which are expected to increase further in 2024 and keep C2 pricing at relatively low levels.
C3 (Propylene)
C3 has a double reliance on crude oil refining in which C3 is a significant co-output of Naphtha cracking for ethylene and also a biproduct of the FCC (Fluidised Catalytic Cracking) process used to upgrade the petroleum fraction of crude oil distillate to the required environmental standards. Whilst the ratio of C2 to C3 in the Naphtha cracking process can be adjusted, this is within a relatively narrow window and therefore low C2 demand along with refinery output rates will impact C3 availability. Demand for petroleum is likely to be reduced through the increased use of EVs. Recovery in C3 demand to make polypropylene required for consumer durables, could tip supply/demand back in the favour of the producers. In turn this could lead to some cross-subsidy of C2, that is derived from Naphtha cracking.
Benzene
This is an important aromatic hydrocarbon compound which is the basis for the following intermediates including:
Ethylbenzene
Cumene
Cyclohexane
Nitrobenzene
Linear Alkylbenzene
Maleic Anhydride
Others
Of which Ethylbenzene, Cumene and Cyclohexane are precursors to key monomers including SM (Styrene based polymers), Bisphenol A (PC) and HMXDA (PA66)
Price volatility is expected to continue, particularly as petrochemical producers seek to improve the economics of this important aromatic petrochemical compound.
Styrene Monomer (SM)
The fortunes of SM are closely related to Ethylbenzene and in turn Benzene. An important characteristic of SM and the Benzene family is the relative ease with which these products can be shipped around the world in tanker vessels, and this tends to increase volatility as material is either distressed in the case of surplus and exported or imported in the case of shortage.
SM is also a derivative of Propylene Oxide synthesis which is an important component of polyurethane manufacture, for use in markets such as automotive and furniture.
PVC Suspension & Emulsion
As explained in the VCM commentary above, S-PVC supply is likely to be bountiful.
E-PVC is a more specialised product, with a limited number of producers and on this basis the premiums over feedstock costs are likely to be maintained.
PET
Virgin PET prices are likely to remain under pressure as the demand for rPET continues to increase. The availability of feedstock, coupled with the ease with which PET can be recycled, properties upgraded and suitability for food applications is driving the popularity of this material.
Polyolefins
2024 will continue to be challenging for Polyolefins as new capacity for all grades comes on stream and demand is not expected to match it. Highly commoditised grades such as PPHP, HDPE for blow moulding and LLDPE C4/C6 for film applications will be under the most pressure. Oversupply in these sectors will push producers to increase output of more specialised grades which will bring downward price pressure in these more premium products
Styrenics
The situation for 2024 starts with some uncertainty. In the case of ABS and speciality styrenic polymers, it appears that the increases in global shipping costs have already sparked calls for price increases. Polystyrene prices are likely to closely follow the volatility of SM (Styrene Monomer).
Engineering Polymers
2024 starts much the same as 2023 finished with downward pressure on prices and plentiful supply from producers across the board. It is expected that notations for most engineering polymers will continue to soften throughout the year, as competitive pressures continue.
Taxes PPT and Corporation Tax
The UK plastics packaging tax that came into effect from April 2022, at a rate of £200 per tonne for plastics packaging that contains less than 30% recycled content ,was increased to £210.82 from April 2023 and is likely to be further adjusted by the rate of inflation in 2024. In the case of plastic raw materials this typically costs about £1.00 per tonne due to the liability incurred on plastic valve sacks. The more significant impact relates to the supply of plastics packaging where the liability applies to each tonne of packaging produced, with the last entity undertaking a ‘significant transformation’ picking up this tax liability. The opportunity to use chemical recycling and adopting a mass balance approach is still under discussion with HM Treasury.
Following the increase in the rate of UK Corporation Tax in April 2023 from 19% to 25%, it is possible that this rate may be eased at the forthcoming spring budget.